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IRMNG source details

Ruggiero, M. A.; Gordon, D. P.; Orrell, T. M.; Bailly, N.; Bourgoin, T.; Brusca, R. C.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Guiry, M. D.; Kirk, P. M. (2015). A higher level classification of all living organisms. PLOS ONE. 10(4): e0119248.
193946
10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 [view]
Ruggiero, M. A.; Gordon, D. P.; Orrell, T. M.; Bailly, N.; Bourgoin, T.; Brusca, R. C.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Guiry, M. D.; Kirk, P. M.
2015
A higher level classification of all living organisms
PLOS ONE
10(4): e0119248
Publication
RIS (EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks)
BibTex (BibDesk, LaTeX)
Date
action
by
2016-06-12 23:37:22Z
created
2017-03-14 18:41:53Z
changed

Acantharea (current name source)
Acanthobdellida (name verified source)
Acanthobdellida (current name source)
Acanthobdellida (taxonomy source)
Acanthocephala (current name source)
Acanthocystida (taxonomy source)
Acanthocystida (current name source)
Acanthocystida (basis of record)
Acanthocystida (extant flag source)
Acanthoecida (current name source)
Acarosporales (taxonomy source)
Acarosporales (current name source)
Acarosporales (extant flag source)
Acerentomata (taxonomy source)
Acerentomata (current name source)
Acerentomata (extant flag source)
Acerentomata (basis of record)
Acerentomidae Silvestri, 1907 (current name source)
Acerentomidae Silvestri, 1907 (taxonomy source)
Acrasida (current name source)
Acrasida (extant flag source)
Acrasida (taxonomy source)
Acrasida (basis of record)
Acrocoelida (taxonomy source)
Acrocoelida (extant flag source)
Acrocoelida (current name source)
Acrospermales (current name source)
Acrospermales (extant flag source)
Acrospermales (taxonomy source)
Acrosymphytales (extant flag source)
Acrosymphytales (taxonomy source)
Acrosymphytales (current name source)
Actiniaria (additional source)
Adeleida (current name source)
Afrosoricida (taxonomy source)
Afrosoricida (basis of record)
Afrosoricida (current name source)
Alveolata (current name source)
Ambuchananiales (extant flag source)
Ambuchananiales (current name source)
Ambuchananiales (basis of record)
Amoebozoa (current name source)
Amphibia (current name source)
Amphinomida (current name source)
Amphinomida (taxonomy source)
Anaeromonadea (current name source)
Anaeromonadea (extant flag source)
Andreaeobryales (extant flag source)
Andreaeobryales (basis of record)
Andreaeobryales (current name source)
Andreaeobryopsida (basis of record)
Andreaeobryopsida (current name source)
Angiospermae (current name source)
Angiospermae (basis of record)
Angiospermae (taxonomy source)
Animalia (current name source)
Annelida (current name source)
Anoecida (extant flag source)
Anoecida (current name source)
Antelientomidae Yin, 1996 (extant flag source)
Antelientomidae Yin, 1996 (taxonomy source)
Antelientomidae Yin, 1996 (current name source)
Anthocerotophyta (current name source)
Anthocerotophyta (basis of record)
Anthozoa (additional source)
Antipatharia (additional source)
Anura (current name source)
Aphelidea accepted as Aphelidiomycetes (extant flag source)
Aphelidea accepted as Aphelidiomycetes (basis of record)
Aphelidida accepted as Aphelidiales (basis of record)
Aphelidida accepted as Aphelidiales (taxonomy source)
Aphelidiomycetes (additional source)
Aphelidiomycota (additional source)
Apicomonada (current name source)
Apicomonada (basis of record)
Apicomonada (extant flag source)
Apicomonadea (current name source)
Apicomplexa (current name source)
Appendicularia (current name source)
Apusomonadida (current name source)
Apusozoa (current name source)
Arachnomycetales (taxonomy source)
Arachnomycetales (current name source)
Arachnomycetales (extant flag source)
Arcellinida (current name source)
Arcellinida (extant flag source)
Archaea (current name source)
Archaeognatha (extant flag source)
Archaeognatha (taxonomy source)
Archaeognatha (current name source)
Archaeorhizomycetales (current name source)
Archaeorhizomycetales (extant flag source)
Archaeorhizomycetales (taxonomy source)
Archamoebea (current name source)
Archamoebea (extant flag source)
Archigregarinida (current name source)
Ardissoneales accepted as Toxariales (extant flag source)
Ardissoneales accepted as Toxariales (taxonomy source)
Arhynchobdellida (name verified source)
Arhynchobdellida (current name source)
 Taxonomic remark
 for Acantharea

Previously listed as order, treated as class in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Last author surname given in Nomen. Zool. and ION as Larissa Arroyo; Arroyo appears correct cf. other sources. [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Non-typified name: listed in quotation marks ("Angiospermae") in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Animalia

In older treatments e.g. Parker (1982) this kingdom included Protozoa, the latter currently considered to comprise ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Upgraded to phylum status in IRMNG to follow Ruggiero et al., 2015; previously treated as a class (Anthocerotopsida) ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Archaea

On its discovery, this group was initially treated as a sub-group of Bacteria and named Archaebacteria; as ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Order as used in Ruggiero et al., 2015 and elsewhere, however AlgaeBase (2020 version) places Ardissoneaceae in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Aves

Treated as a subclass of Reptilia in Ruggiero et al., 2015; Catalogue of Life, 2021 maintains as class but deprecates ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Ruggiero et al., 2015, consider the diatoms to be at class level (Bacillariophyceae) within a broader phylum ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Bacteria

Excludes Archaebacteria, now in separate kingdom Archaea; includes Cyanobacteria (Cyanophyta, included in the algae in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Bryophyta

From 2018 in IRMNG, phylum Bryophyta is used in its restricted sense, i.e. excluding former classes ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Replaced by the name Carpomonadea in Cavalier-Smith, 2013; that spelling currently used in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Charophyta

Previously a class within Chlorophyta. Originally just including the macroscopic stoneworts (Charales), Mattox and ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Chelonia

Latinization (by Ross & Macartney, 1802) of Chéloniens Brongniart, 1800, refer Dubois & Bour, 2010. The names ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Name used in preference to Volvocales in Ruggiero et al., 2015, also in current use in WoRMS (2017) and AlgaeBase ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Green protists, originally treated as algae (Chlorarachniophyta), now placed with other related protists in phylum ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Historically treated as a class, with two subclasses Elasmobranchii and Holocephali (as per Nelson et al. 5th ed., ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Chromerida

Original rank: phylum; listed as order in Ruggiero et al., 2015, with hierarchy Alveolata (Superphylum) Miozoa ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Collembola

Previously treated as one of three orders within the (now abandoned) class Entognatha; subsequently raised to class ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

As Dictyostelida (zoological treatment) in Ruggiero et al., 2015. Currently (2023) IRMNG treats Dictyostelia and ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Authority as given in Moestrup & Daugbjerg, 2007; some sources ascribe this class name to Pascher, 1914 (author of ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Diplura

Previously treated as one of three orders within the (now abandoned) class Entognatha; subsequently raised to class ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Ephedrales

Treated as an accepted order in some sources, although Taylor et al., 2009 and Ruggiero et al., 2015 treat all ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Previously treated as a class or phylum along with Lycopsida (Lycopodiopsida); more recently incorporated within ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

This class is called Euglenidea in zoological nomenclature and Euglenophyceae in botanical nomenclature; Ruggiero et ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

This class is called Euglenidea in zoological nomenclature and Euglenophyceae in botanical nomenclature; Ruggiero et ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Euglenozoa

Phylum name repeated at infrakingdom level within Eozoa in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Previously treated as phylum, now a subphylum of Retaria according to the treatment of Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Fungi

Although once classified as plants, in recent decades Fungi have been recognised as their own kingdom, more closely ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Gnetales

Use in IRMNG follows Ruggiero et al., 2015, in which the single order Gnetales is used for all extant gnetophytes ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Treated with botanical spelling in IRMNG (as per included family, Goniomonadaceae), cf. zoological spelling ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Botanical spelling of this class, preferred by some authors; IRMNG presently follows Ruggiero et al., 2015 who use ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Non-typified name: listed in quotation marks ("Gymmospermae") in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Original spelling: Heterokontae. [details]

 Taxonomic remark

The original genus spelling Kathablepharis Skuja, 1939 has been emended to Katablepharis in botany but not in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

The original genus spelling Kathablepharis Skuja, 1939 has been emended to Katablepharis in botany but not in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

The original genus spelling Kathablepharis Skuja, 1939 has been emended to Katablepharis in botany but not in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

The original genus spelling Kathablepharis Skuja, 1939 has been emended to Katablepharis in botany but not in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Liliopsida

No longer recognised at class level; monocotyledons (former class Liliopsida) are recognised as a superorder in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

In the Cronquist system, the class Magnoliopsida was used to include only dicotyledons, monocots being in the class ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Upgraded to phylum status in IRMNG to follow Ruggiero et al., 2015; previously treated as a class (Hepaticopsida) ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Listed in Ruggiero et al. as alternative name for Metatheria. Used as a cohort in McKenna & Bell, with Metatheria ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Treated in Ruggiero et al. as in class Metchnikovellea, order Microsporidia (in Protozoa); present IRMNG ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Originally described as order (Microsporidies) and treated as a phylum in Protozoa by Cavalier-Smith and Ruggiero ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Miozoa

Phylum name introduced by Cavalier-Smith, 1987; replaced by "Myzozoa" for descriptive purposes by Cavalier-Smith & ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Phylum erected to contain the dubious species Salinella salve (previously Mesozoa), not seen since its original ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Listed as a class in Adl et al. (?=Myxogastrea), retained as a subclass of Myxogastrea in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Myxozoa

Microscopic parasites of fish and some other organisms originally treated as protozoa, subsequently recognised as a ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Type genus Notocirrus Faubel, 1983 is invalid (junior homonym) according to Özdikmen, 2010, replacement family ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Original rank: phylum; treated as superclass in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Phaeodaria

Previously listed as a class, currently a subclass in the treatment of Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Listed in Ruggiero et al., 2015 as preferred designation for this taxon, appears to be a nomen novum for Picophagea ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Pinales

Order Pinales is presently used in IRMNG in the sense of Ruggiero et al., 2015, i.e. includes Araucariales and ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Reduced to a subclass (Pinguiophycidae) of Dictyochophyceae by Cavalier-Smith, 2006, however subsequently treated ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Pinopsida

IRMNG presently recognises class Pinopsida (within superclass Gymnospermae) at the level indicated in Ruggiero et ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Listed in Ruggiero et al. as an alternative name for Eutheria. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Plantae

The scope of "Plantae" has varied through time. In the present treatment, following Ruggiero et al., 2015, this ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Polycystina and Polycystinea are alternative names for the same taxon; Polycystinea is the preferred spelling in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Polycystina and Polycystinea are alternative names for the same taxon; Polycystinea is the preferred spelling in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Priapula

Priapula and Priapulida are alternative names for the same taxon; the latter is in more common use (e.g. WoRMS / ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Priapulida

Priapula and Priapulida are alternative names for the same taxon; the latter is in more common use (e.g. WoRMS / ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Protista

Kingdom Protista in other classifications is represented in Ruggiero et al., 2105 by kingdoms Protozoa plus Chromista. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Protozoa

As subkingdom of Animalia in older treatments (including Parker, 1982). Present IRMNG treatment follows Ruggiero et ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Protura

Previously treated as one of three orders within the (now abandoned) class Entognatha; subsequently raised to class ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Listed as "Pseudofungi [= Oomycota]" in Ruggiero et al., 2015; treated as Pseudofungi in IRMNG this time (since it ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Radiolaria

Radiolaria, variously treated as a subclass or order, were raised to a subphylum by Cavalier-Smith (1993), with the ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Treated as protozoan (zoological nomenclature) by Ruggiero et al., 2015 and Index Fungorum (2019 version), however ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Sagenista

Phyla Sagenista and Bigyra were created by Cavalier-Smith as non-photosynthetic groupings of heterokonts, Bigyra is ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

LPSN (2018 version) gives both "Spirochaetes" and "Spirochaetae" as alternative names for this phylum; Ruggiero et ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Sporozoa

This name variously used at phylum rank (=Apicomplexa) and lower (infraphylum, superclass, class); currently listed ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Takakia and its family Takakiaceae were originally described as liverworts; current placement is with the mosses in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Takakia and its family Takakiaceae were originally described as liverworts; current placement is with the mosses in ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Telonemia

Phylum not recognised by Ruggiero et al., 2015, who place class Telonemea in an unnamed phylum within subkingdom ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Teuthoidea

Ruggiero et al., 2015 treat this order under the name Teuthida, as does ITIS (2023 version). WoRMS/MolluscaBase ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Thysanura

No longer used at order level; its two former constituent suborders, Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, are considered to ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Use as in Ruggiero et al., 2015; replaces/subsumes entities previously recognised at phylum/Division level i.e. ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Synonym is Tunicata in other classifications, Urochordata is preferred in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Listed in class Entorrhizomycetes in Ruggiero et al., 2015, however current treatments e.g. Index Fungorum (2019) ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Class not recognised by Ruggiero et al., 2015, who place order Wallemiales in Entorrhizomycetes, however current ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Treated within its own order Welwitschiales in some sources, although Taylor et al., 2009 and Ruggiero et al., 2015 ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Treated as an accepted order in some sources, although Taylor et al., 2009 and Ruggiero et al., 2015 treat all ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark

Originally erected as phylum; treated as a subphylum of Xenacoelomorpha in Ruggiero et al., 2015. [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Xiphosura

Treated in IRMNG as a single order (Xiphosura) in class Merostomata, following Ruggiero et al., 2015. Other ... [details]

 Taxonomic remark
 for Zygomycota

Considered to be paraphyletic on molecular evidence and its contents reassigned to other phyla in recent treatments ... [details]


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